Resumo A insulinoterapia empregada no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus (DM) carece de ferramentas educativas que auxiliem a prática de autocuidado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se elaborar e validar uma ferramenta educativa destinada a promover a compreensão da relação entre variação glicêmica e insulinoterapia em adultos com DM1 e DM2. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas: i) elaboração da ferramenta educativa; ii) validação de conteúdo e aparência por comitê de juízes; iii) pré-teste com o público-alvo. Participaram da segunda etapa dez juízes e da terceira etapa 12 adultos com DM 1 ou 2, em uso de insulina. Para avaliar a adequação do material educativo pelo comitê de juízes foi utilizado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Para validação pelo público-alvo foram calculados os percentuais de concordância por itens. Como resultado, desenvolveu-se a ferramenta educativa Meu Diário de Tratamento (MDT), que obteve IVC médio de 99,6% e percentual de concordância de 99%. Conclui-se, portanto, que o conteúdo e a aparência da ferramenta MDT foram validados e adequados culturalmente para a população de adultos com DM tipo 1 e 2.

Abstract The insulin therapy used to treat Diabetes Mellitus (DM) lacks educational tools to assist self-care. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate an educational tool for the relationship between glycemic variation and insulin therapy for adults with type 1 and 2 DM. The study was developed in three stages: i) elaboration of the educational tool; ii) validation of content and display by a panel of judges; iii) pre-test with a target audience. Ten judges participated in the second stage, and 12 insulin-dependent adults with type 1 or 2 DM participated in the third stage. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to evaluate the adequacy of the material by the judges. The percentages of the agreement by item were calculated for validation by the target audience. The My Treatment Diary (MTD) educational tool was then developed. It obtained a mean CVI of 99.6% and a percentage of agreement of 99%. The results demonstrated that the content and display of the MTD tool were validated and culturally appropriate for the population of adults with type 1 and 2 DM.

Abstract The insulin therapy used to treat Diabetes Mellitus (DM) lacks educational tools to assist self-care. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate an educational tool for the relationship between glycemic variation and insulin therapy for adults with type 1 and 2 DM. The study was developed in three stages: i) elaboration of the educational tool; ii) validation of content and display by a panel of judges; iii) pre-test with a target audience. Ten judges participated in the second stage, and 12 insulin-dependent adults with type 1 or 2 DM participated in the third stage. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to evaluate the adequacy of the material by the judges. The percentages of the agreement by item were calculated for validation by the target audience. The My Treatment Diary (MTD) educational tool was then developed. It obtained a mean CVI of 99.6% and a percentage of agreement of 99%. The results demonstrated that the content and display of the MTD tool were validated and culturally appropriate for the population of adults with type 1 and 2 DM.

Resumo A insulinoterapia empregada no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus (DM) carece de ferramentas educativas que auxiliem a prática de autocuidado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se elaborar e validar uma ferramenta educativa destinada a promover a compreensão da relação entre variação glicêmica e insulinoterapia em adultos com DM1 e DM2. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas: i) elaboração da ferramenta educativa; ii) validação de conteúdo e aparência por comitê de juízes; iii) pré-teste com o público-alvo. Participaram da segunda etapa dez juízes e da terceira etapa 12 adultos com DM 1 ou 2, em uso de insulina. Para avaliar a adequação do material educativo pelo comitê de juízes foi utilizado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Para validação pelo público-alvo foram calculados os percentuais de concordância por itens. Como resultado, desenvolveu-se a ferramenta educativa Meu Diário de Tratamento (MDT), que obteve IVC médio de 99,6% e percentual de concordância de 99%. Conclui-se, portanto, que o conteúdo e a aparência da ferramenta MDT foram validados e adequados culturalmente para a população de adultos com DM tipo 1 e 2.

RESUMO Objetivos: elaborar e validar um e-book sobre os direitos e deveres de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes nas escolas. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em nove etapas: definição do processo de criação, levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração do e-book, cálculo da legibilidade e apreensibilidade, ilustração, validação pelo comitê de juízes e público-alvo (mães de alunos com diabetes e equipe escolar), reuniões de especialistas e discussão final. Considerou-se aceitável o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: obteve-se o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo médio de 0,97 para clareza e relevância, e as imagens tiveram 94% de aprovação. No teste face a face, o público-alvo considerou o material claro e adequado à finalidade proposta. Conclusões: o e-book foi elaborado e validado quanto a conteúdo e relevância, podendo ser utilizado para instruir a população acerca das leis sobre o diabetes nas escolas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to elaborate an e-book about children and adolescents’ rights and duties concerning diabetes in schools. Methods: we developed this methodological study in nine steps: Creation process definition, bibliographic survey, e-book elaboration, readability and apprehensibility examination, illustration, committee of judges and targeted audience validation (students’ moms with diabetes and school staff), experts’ meetings and final discussion. We have considered acceptable the Content Validity Coefficient minimum of 0.80. Results: we obtained an average Content Validity Coefficient of 0,97 for clarity and relevance, and the images had 94% approval. In the face-to-face test, the targeted audience have considered the material clear and adequate to the intended purpose. Conclusions: the e-book was elaborated and validated regarding the content and relevance, and may be used to instruct the population about diabetes’ laws in schools.

RESUMEN Objetivos: elaborar y validar un libro electrónico sobre los derechos y deberes de niños y adolescentes con diabetes en las escuelas. Métodos: es un estudio metodológico desarrollado en nueve etapas: definición del proceso de creación, levantamiento bibliográfico, elaboración del libro digital, cálculo de la legibilidad y percepción, ilustración, validación por el comité de jueces y público objeto (madres de alumnos con diabetes y equipo escolar), reuniones de especialistas y discusión final. Se consideró aceptable el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: se obtuvo el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido promedio de 0,97 para claridad y relevancia y las imágenes obtuvieron un 94% de aprobación. En la prueba presencial, el público objeto consideró el material claro y adecuado para la finalidad propuesta. Conclusiones: el libro electrónico fue elaborado y validado según contenido y relevancia, pudiendo utilizarse para instruir a la población sobre las leyes de la diabetes en las escuelas.

Aim To elaborate and validate an instrument for Brazilian Portuguese speakers, to assess dentists’ knowledge about care of patients with diabetes mellitus (Dental-Diabetes). Methods Methodological study comprising four stages: a) Elaboration of instrument; b) Content validation (computing Content Validity Index - CVI) based on Expert Committee assessment; c) Pre-test with 30 dentists, followed by assessment of suggestions by Expert Committee; d) Psychometric validation through instrument application in a sample of 127 dentists by means of the web tool e-Surv. Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to evaluate, respectively, internal consistency and reproducibility. Results The final version of the instrument consists of 22 questions (7 on sociodemographic data and 15 querying dentists’ knowledge) and those submitted for validation attained a CVI of 0.95 [95% CI 0.916-0,981], showing satisfactory internal consistency, with 0.794 Cronbach’s alpha [95% CI 0.741-0.842] and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.799 [95% CI: 0.746-0.846] between the test and retest scores. Conclusions Dental-Diabetes is a comprehensive instrument, culturally adequate and validated to assess dentists’ knowledge about care of patients with diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop, adapt and validate an instrument named “CSII – Brazil” to assess users’ conceptual and procedural knowledge of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems. Materials and methods: Methodological and exploratory study developed in three stages: a) instrument development; b) content validation and cultural adaptation (evaluation by a committee of experts and pre-test with CSII users); c) psychometric validation through instrument application in a sample of 60 patients by means of the web tool e-Surv. Internal consistency and reproducibility analyses were performed within IBM SPSS Statistics 20 programming environment. Results: The 16 multiple-choice question instrument successfully attained a content validity index of 0.97, showing satisfactory internal consistency, with 0.61 Cronbach's alpha [95% CI 0.462-0.746] and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.869 [95% CI: 0.789-0.919] between the test and retest scores. Conclusion: The CSII – Brazil instrument is considered adequate and validated to assess continuous subcutaneous infusion system users’ conceptual and procedural knowledge.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and validate a diabetes booklet for Community Health Workers. Methods: methodological study developed in seven steps: Bibliographic review; Development of the booklet; Calculation of readability and comprehensibility scores; Validation of the booklet by the committee of judges; Discussion between experts; Validation of the booklet by the target audience; and Final discussion between experts. Validation was performed by 10 judges via e-Surv and on a face-to-face test with 5 Community Health Workers, considering the minimum Content Validity Coefficient of 0.80. Results: the booklet had a mean Content Validity Coefficient of 0.97 in the validation by the committee of judges, and the images had 96.67% approval. In the face-to-face test, the Community Health Workers considered the material clear and appropriate to the function. Conclusions: the booklet was developed and validated on its content and relevance, and it can be used by Community Health Workers for diabetes education.

RESUMEN Objetivos: desarrollar y validar una cartilla sobre diabetes para los Agentes Sanitarios. Métodos: se trata de un estudio metodológico desarrollado en siete etapas: Estudio bibliográfico; Preparación de la cartilla; Cálculo de las fórmulas de legibilidad y aprehensibilidad; Validación de la cartilla por el comité de jueces; Discusión entre expertos; Validación de la cartilla por el público objetivo; y Discusión final entre los expertos. Diez jueces realizaron la validación vía e-Surv; y la prueba cara a cara, cinco Agentes Sanitarios, considerando el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: la cartilla tuvo un Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido promedio de 0,97 en la validación del comité de jueces, y las imágenes obtuvieron el 96,67% de aprobación. En la prueba cara a cara, los Agentes Sanitarios consideraron que el material era claro y apropiado para la función. Conclusiones: la cartilla se diseñó y se validó en cuanto a su contenido y a su relevancia y los Agentes Sanitarios podrán usarla en acciones de educación sobre la diabetes.

RESUMO Objetivos: elaborar e validar uma cartilha sobre diabetes para os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Métodos: estudo metodológico desenvolvido em sete etapas: Levantamento bibliográfico; Elaboração da cartilha; Cálculo das fórmulas de legibilidade e apreensibilidade; Validação da cartilha por comitê de juízes; Discussão entre especialistas; Validação da cartilha pelo público-alvo; e Discussão final entre especialistas. A validação foi realizada por 10 juízes via e-Surv; e o teste face a face, por 5 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, considerando o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: a cartilha teve um Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo médio de ٠,٩٧ na validação pelo comitê de juízes, e as imagens tiveram ٩٦,٦٧٪ de aprovação. No teste face a face, os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde consideraram o material claro e adequado à função. Conclusões: a cartilha foi elaborada e validada quanto ao conteúdo e relevância, podendo ser utilizada pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde nas ações de educação em diabetes.

RESUMO Objetivos: elaborar e validar uma cartilha sobre diabetes para os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Métodos: estudo metodológico desenvolvido em sete etapas: Levantamento bibliográfico; Elaboração da cartilha; Cálculo das fórmulas de legibilidade e apreensibilidade; Validação da cartilha por comitê de juízes; Discussão entre especialistas; Validação da cartilha pelo público-alvo; e Discussão final entre especialistas. A validação foi realizada por 10 juízes via e-Surv; e o teste face a face, por 5 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, considerando o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: a cartilha teve um Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo médio de ٠,٩٧ na validação pelo comitê de juízes, e as imagens tiveram ٩٦,٦٧٪ de aprovação. No teste face a face, os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde consideraram o material claro e adequado à função. Conclusões: a cartilha foi elaborada e validada quanto ao conteúdo e relevância, podendo ser utilizada pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde nas ações de educação em diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and validate a diabetes booklet for Community Health Workers. Methods: methodological study developed in seven steps: Bibliographic review; Development of the booklet; Calculation of readability and comprehensibility scores; Validation of the booklet by the committee of judges; Discussion between experts; Validation of the booklet by the target audience; and Final discussion between experts. Validation was performed by 10 judges via e-Surv and on a face-to-face test with 5 Community Health Workers, considering the minimum Content Validity Coefficient of 0.80. Results: the booklet had a mean Content Validity Coefficient of 0.97 in the validation by the committee of judges, and the images had 96.67% approval. In the face-to-face test, the Community Health Workers considered the material clear and appropriate to the function. Conclusions: the booklet was developed and validated on its content and relevance, and it can be used by Community Health Workers for diabetes education.

RESUMEN Objetivos: desarrollar y validar una cartilla sobre diabetes para los Agentes Sanitarios. Métodos: se trata de un estudio metodológico desarrollado en siete etapas: Estudio bibliográfico; Preparación de la cartilla; Cálculo de las fórmulas de legibilidad y aprehensibilidad; Validación de la cartilla por el comité de jueces; Discusión entre expertos; Validación de la cartilla por el público objetivo; y Discusión final entre los expertos. Diez jueces realizaron la validación vía e-Surv; y la prueba cara a cara, cinco Agentes Sanitarios, considerando el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: la cartilla tuvo un Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido promedio de 0,97 en la validación del comité de jueces, y las imágenes obtuvieron el 96,67% de aprobación. En la prueba cara a cara, los Agentes Sanitarios consideraron que el material era claro y apropiado para la función. Conclusiones: la cartilla se diseñó y se validó en cuanto a su contenido y a su relevancia y los Agentes Sanitarios podrán usarla en acciones de educación sobre la diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to elaborate, adapt and validate the Diabetes knowledge assessment of community healthcare workers – Diabetes-CHW – to assess CHW knowledge about diabetes mellitus. Methods: methodological study developed in three stages: a) instrument construction; b) content validation and cultural adequacy with family doctors and CHWs, followed by assessment of suggestions by a committee of experts; c) Psychometric validation of the instrument from its application in a sample of 102 CHWs, through the e-Surv webtool. Internal consistency and reproducibility analyses were performed in the R statistical programming environment. Results: the 29 multiple-choice question instrument showed satisfactory internal consistency, with 0.732 Cronbach's alpha (95% CI 0.652; 0.802) and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.70 (95% CI 0.59–0.79) between the test and retest scores. Conclusion: the diabetes-CHW instrument was validated and considered adequate to assess community healthcare workers’ knowledge about DM.

RESUMEN Objetivo: elaborar, adaptar culturalmente y validar el "conocimiento de los agentes de salud comunitarios (ACS) sobre la diabetes" – diabetes-ACS – para evaluar el conocimiento de los ACS sobre la diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Estudio metodológico desarrollado en tres etapas: a) construcción del instrumento; b) validación de contenido y adecuación cultural con médicos de familia y ACS, seguido de evaluación de sugerencias por parte de un comité de expertos; c) validación psicométrica del instrumento a partir de la aplicación en una muestra de 102 ACS, a través de la herramienta e-Surv. Los análisis de consistencia interna y reproducibilidad se realizaron en el entorno de programación estadística R. Resultados: el instrumento, que consta de 29 preguntas de opción múltiple, tuvo consistencia interna satisfactoria, con alfa de Cronbach 0,732 (IC 95% 0,652; 0,802) y coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,70 (IC del 95%: 0,59 a 0,79) entre los puntajes de prueba y retest. Conclusión: el instrumento diabetes-ACS se considera apropiado y validado para la evaluación de agentes comunitarios de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: elaborar, adequar culturalmente e validar o “conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) sobre diabetes” – diabetes-ACS – para avaliação do conhecimento dos ACS sobre diabetes mellitus. Métodos: estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas: a) construção do instrumento; b) validação de conteúdo e adequação cultural com médicos de família e ACS, seguidas de avaliação das sugestões por comitê de especialistas; c) validação psicométrica do instrumento a partir de sua aplicação em uma amostra de 102 ACS, por meio da ferramenta e-Surv. As análises de consistência interna e reprodutibilidade foram realizadas no ambiente de programação estatística R. Resultados: o instrumento, constituído de 29 questões de múltipla escolha, apresentou consistência interna satisfatória, com alfa de Cronbach 0,732 (IC 95% 0,652; 0,802) e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,70 (IC 95% 0,59–0,79), entre os escores do teste e do reteste. Conclusão: considera-se adequado e validado o instrumento diabetes-ACS para avaliação de agentes comunitários de saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the introduction of coaching in the interdisciplinary care of individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the public health care system. Subjects and methods: Ten patients routinely attending a public health care service and with a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level above 75% participated in eight coaching sessions. This study evaluated the patients' self-management of the disease and personal behavior. The participants were assessed at the beginning of the program and on two occasions after the intervention, with evaluation of biochemical and anthropometric data, and frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Questionnaires were applied during these evaluations to analyze emotional burden (B-PAID), medication adherence (Morisky Adherence Scale), and self-efficacy (IMDSES). Results HbA1c had a median level of 8.0% (range 76-10.3%) at the beginning of the study and reduced significantly 3 months after initiation of the intervention (7.78% [6.5-10%], p = 0.028), with no significant increase at 6 months (8.3% [713-9.27%], p = 0.386). SMBG improved significantly from the beginning to the end of the study, with the median number of glucose tests per week varying from 16.5 (range 0-42) at baseline to 29.0 (7-42) at 3 months and 27.5 (10-48) at 6 months (p = 0.047). No significant differences were observed in anthropometric parameters or in the scores of the instruments between the three measurements. Conclusion: A coaching intervention focused on patients' values and sense of purpose may provide added benefit to traditional diabetes education programs and could be an auxiliary method to help individuals with type 1 diabetes achieve their treatment goals.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association between different renal biomarkers with D-Dimer levels in diabetes mellitus (DM1) patients group classified as: low D-Dimer levels (< 318 ng/mL), which included first and second D-Dimer tertiles, and high D-Dimer levels (≥ 318 ng/mL), which included third D-Dimer tertile. Materials and methods D-Dimer and cystatin C were measured by ELISA. Creatinine and urea were determined by enzymatic method. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using CKD-EPI equation. Albuminuria was assessed by immunoturbidimetry. Presence of renal disease was evaluated using each renal biomarker: creatinine, urea, cystatin C, eGFR and albuminuria. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess which renal biomarkers are associated with high D-Dimer levels and odds ratio was calculated. After, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess which renal biomarkers are associated with high D-Dimer levels (after adjusting for sex and age) and odds ratio was calculated. Results Cystatin C presented a better association [OR of 9.8 (3.8–25.5)] with high D-Dimer levels than albuminuria, creatinine, eGFR and urea [OR of 5.3 (2.2–12.9), 8.4 (2.5–25.4), 9.1 (2.6–31.4) and 3.5 (1.4–8.4), respectively] after adjusting for sex and age. All biomarkers showed a good association with D-Dimer levels, and consequently, with hypercoagulability status, and cystatin C showed the best association among them. Conclusion Therefore, cystatin C might be useful to detect patients with incipient diabetic kidney disease that present an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, contributing to an early adoption of reno and cardioprotective therapies.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile and clinical evolution of patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM) at a Secondary Reference Center in Minas Gerais. This is a longitudinal study with 174 individuals with T1DM treated at a Secondary Reference Center in Minas Gerais between 2010 and 2015. The studied variables were: Socio-demographic characteristics, time with diabetes, treatment, comorbidities, glycated hemoglobin (A1c) and LDL cholesterol. Paired t-test and McNemar test were used for the annual comparisons of A1c and LDL-c, considering a significance level of 5%. The results showed that 5.7% of the patients were is use of continuous insulin infusion system, 61.5% of NPH and 32.8% of glargine; 47.1% of the patients used statin; 63.21% came to the service with A1c values above 8% and 27.0% above 10%. At the end of the first year of follow-up, this percentage decreased to 49.9%, with a greater reduction of those with A1c above 9%. There was a significant decrease in A1c averages (9.01 ± 2.46 in 2010 and 8.2 ± 1.74 in 2011, p <0.001), which remained unchanged on the following years. There was also a significant reduction of LDL-c over the entire follow-up period (p <0.005). We concluded that the multidisciplinary care of patients with T1DM contributed to the improvement of metabolic parameters on the first year of follow-up.

RESUMEN Evaluar el perfil y la evolución clínica de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de un centro de referencia secundaria de Minas Gerais. Estudio longitudinal realizado con 174 pacientes en el período de 2010 a 2015. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, tiempo de diabetes, tratamiento, comorbilidades, hemoglobina glucosa (A1c) y LDL colesterol. Se utilizó la prueba T pareado y de McNemar para las comparaciones anuales de la A1c y del LDL-c, con nivel de significancia inferior al 5%. 5,7% de los pacientes utilizaban continuamente la infusión de insulinas, 61,5% de NPH y 32,8% de glargina. El 47,1% de los pacientes usaba estatina; el 63,21% de los pacientes llegó al servicio con valores de A1c superior al 8% y, entre ellos, el 27,0% superior al 10%. Al final del primer año de seguimiento, este porcentaje se redujo al 49,9%, con mayor reducción entre aquéllos con A1c superior al 9%. Se pudo observar significativa disminución en los promedios de A1c (9,01 ± 2.46 en 2010 y 8,2 ± 1.74 en 2011, p <0,001), manteniéndose sin cambios en los demás años. Hubo reducción significativa del LDL-c a lo largo de todo el período (p <0,005). La atención multidisciplinaria de los pacientes con DM1 contribuyó a una mejora de los parámetros metabólicos ya en el primer año de seguimiento.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil e a evolução clínica dos pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de um centro de referência secundária de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de estudo longitudinal com 174 pessoas com DM1 atendidos em um centro de referência secundária de Minas Gerais no período de 2010 a 2015. Avaliaram-se variáveis sociodemográficas, tempo de diabetes, tratamento, comorbidades, hemoglobina glicada (A1c) e LDL colesterol. Utilizou-se o teste T pareado e de McNemar para as comparações anuais da A1c e do LDL-c, com nível de significância inferior a 5%. Os resultados mostraram que 5,7% dos pacientes estavam em uso de sistema contínuo de infusão de insulinas, 61,5% de NPH e 32,8% de glargina; 47,1% dos pacientes usavam estatina; 63,21% chegaram ao serviço com valores de A1c acima de 8%, sendo 27,0% acima de 10%. Ao final do primeiro ano de acompanhamento, esse percentual reduziu-se para 49,9%, com maior redução dos que tinham A1c acima de 9%. Observouse diminuição significativa nas médias de A1c (9,01±2.46 em 2010 e 8,2±1.74 em 2011; p<0,001), mantendo-se sem alterações nos demais anos. Apurou-se também significativa redução do LDL-c ao longo de todo o período de acompanhamento (p<0,005). Concluiu-se que o atendimento multidisciplinar dos pacientes com DM1 contribuiu para a melhora dos parâmetros metabólicos logo no primeiro ano de acompanhamento.

ABSTRACT Objective Several formulas based in different biomarkers may be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GRF). However, all of them have some limitations, and it is very important to evaluate their performances in different groups of patients. Therefore, we compared GFR, as estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations, according to albuminuria, in type 1 diabetes (T1DM), in an observational case-control study. Subjects and methods T1DM patients were classified according to albuminuria: normoalbuminuric (n = 63), microalbuminuric (n = 30), macroalbuminuric (n = 32). GFR was calculated using creatinine-based and cystatin C-based (aMDRD, CKD-EPIcr, CKD-EPIcys, MacIsaac, Tan and CKD-EPIcrcys) equations. Spearman Correlation was used to evaluate the correlation of GFR estimated by the formulas with albuminuria. ROC curves were constructed to compare AUCs of GFR estimated by equations, in reference to macroalbuminuria. Sensibility, specificity and accuracy were calculated for a cut-off < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results GFR estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations significantly differed among normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric patients. Spearman correlation and AUCs of GFR estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based formulas were very similar to each other, though cystatin C-based equations presented better correlation with albuminuria and higher AUCs than the creatinine-based ones, and the best accuracy to detect macroalbuminuric patients. Conclusion Although GFR estimated by all creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations permitted the differentiation between T1DM patients, according to albuminuria, cystatin C-based equations presented best accuracy to detect macroalbuminuria in T1DM patients and should be considered in the clinical routine in order to increase the possibility of early diagnostic of chronic renal disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a eficácia de um programa de educação nutricional para capacitar adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 na contagem de carboidratos sem ajuda dos pais. Métodos: Dezenove adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 de um centro de diabetes participaram de quatro encontros quinzenais de uma hora, com palestras e discussões sobre alimentação saudável, importância dos nutrientes na glicemia, tamanho das porções, substituições de alimentos e contagem de carboidratos. Todos os encontros foram finalizados com exercícios para verificar o aprendizado. Os adolescentes foram acompanhados por um ano após a intervenção. Resultados: Todos os pacientes tiveram 100% de sucesso em todas as etapas do programa e começaram a contagem de carboidratos nas refeições principais. Não houve diferença no estado nutricional e doses totais diárias de insulina antes e depois do estudo. Após 12 meses, 68% dos adolescentes contavam carboidratos em todas as refeições, 16% nos lanches extras, e 16% tinham interrompido a nova terapia. Oitenta por cento dos pais estavam satisfeitos com o programa e acreditavam que os adolescentes estavam capacitados para nova terapia. Conclusão: Após um programa de educação nutricional, de curta duração, foi possível capacitar adolescentes na contagem de carboidratos sem a presença constante dos pais.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education program to enable adolescents with type 1 diabetes to count carbohydrates without the parents' help. Methods: Nineteen adolescents with type 1 diabetes from a diabetes center participated in four fortnightly meetings of one hour, with lectures and discussions about healthy nutrition, importance of nutrients for blood glucose, portion sizes, food replacements, and carbohydrate counting therapy. All meetings ended with exercises to check the learning. Adolescents were followed for one year after the intervention. Results: All participants were 100% successful in all the steps of the program and started carbohydrate counting in the main meals. Nutritional status and total daily insulin doses before and after the study did not differ. After 12 months, 68% of the adolescents counted carbohydrates at all times, 16% did so in extra snacks, and 16% were suspended from the new therapy. Eighty percent of the parents were satisfied with the program, believing teenagers were trained in the new therapy. Conclusion: A short nutrition education program successfully trained adolescents to count carbohydrates without the parents' help.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as respostas inflamatória, oxidativa e redutora na progressão do diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) em pacientes sem complicações crônicas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Capacidade antioxidante do plasma, espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e interleucina-6 (IL-6) foram avaliadas em 42 pacientes com DM1 e 24 indivíduos saudáveis. RESULTADOS: Aumentos significativos foram detectados nas medianas de ROS e IL-6 em pacientes com DM1 comparados com indivíduos saudáveis (ROS ~ 4.836 vs. 2.036 RLU/min, respectivamente, P < 0,05: IL-6 ~ 14,2 vs. 9,7 pg/mL, respectivamente, P = 0,002). Diferenças não significativas (P > 0,05) foram observadas na resposta oxidante e IL-6 quando os diabéticos foram agrupados de acordo com o tempo após o diagnóstico (0-10, 10-20 e > 20 anos). A resposta antioxidante do plasma foi semelhante em pacientes com DM1 e em indivíduos saudáveis. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados demonstram que as respostas oxidante e inflamatória estão aumentadas desde o início do DM1, mas mantêm-se inalteradas durante a progressão da doença, sugerindo que as mudanças funcionais envolvidas nas complicações diabéticas podem começar nos primeiros anos após o diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inflammatory, oxidizing, and reducing responses during the progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in patients without chronic complications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Plasma antioxidant status, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in 42 patients with T1DM and in 24 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Significant increases were detected in the median values of ROS and IL-6 in patients with T1DM compared with healthy subjects (ROS ~ 4,836 vs. 2,036 RLU/min, respectively; P < .05: IL-6 ~ 14.2 vs. 9.7 pg/mL, respectively; P = .002). No significant between-group differences (P > 0.05) were observed in oxidizing responses or in IL-6 concentrations when diabetic patients were grouped according to time after diagnosis (0 - 10, 10 - 20 and > 20 years). Plasma antioxidant responses were similar in patients with T1DM and in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that oxidizing and inflammatory responses are increased at the onset of T1DM, but remain unchanged during disease progression. These findings suggest that functional changes involved in diabetic complications may commence in the first years after diagnosis.

O diabetes melito e suas complicações apresentam origem multifatorial. Mecanismos bioquímicos e patológicos estão associados com hiperglicemia crônica no diabetes e o aumento do estresse oxidativo tem sido postulado com papel central nestas desordens. Evidências sugerem que a lesão celular oxidativa causada pelos radicais livres contribuem para o desenvolvimento das complicações no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) e a diminuição das defesas antioxidantes (enzimáticas e não-enzimáticas) parecem correlacionar-se com a gravidade das alterações patológicas no DM1. Nesta revisão, relata-se como o estresse oxidativo pode exercer efeitos deletérios no diabetes e são apresentadas as opções terapêuticas em estudo para modulação da injúria vascular.

Diabetic complications appear to be multifactorial process. The biochemical and pathological mechanisms are associated with chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes and the increased oxidative stress which has been postulated to play a central role in these disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative cell injury caused by free radicals contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes (DM1) complications and decreased efficiency of antioxidant defenses (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) seems to correlate with the severity of pathological tissue changes in DM1. In this review, we report as oxidative stress may exert deleterious effects in diabetes, as well as address current strategies in study to down-regulating vascular injury.